References
[1] Yang L, Chang CC, Sun Z, et al. GFRAL is the receptor for GDF15 and is required for the anti-obesity effects of the ligand. Nat Med. 2017;23(10):1158-1166.
[2] Mullican SE, Rangwala SM. Uniting GDF15 and GFRAL: Therapeutic Opportunities in Obesity and Beyond. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2018;29(8):560-570.
[3] Coll AP, Chen M, Taskar P, et al. GDF15 mediates the effects of metformin on body weight and energy balance. Nature. 2020;578(7795):444-448.
[4] Baek SJ, Eling T. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15): A survival protein with therapeutic potential in metabolic diseases. Pharmacol Ther. 2019;198:46-58.
[5] Conte M, Giuliani C, Chiariello A, Iannuzzi V, Franceschi C, Salvioli S. GDF15, an emerging key player in human aging. Ageing Res Rev. 2022;75:101569.
[6] Beydoun MA, Noren Hooten N, Fanelli-Kuczmaski MT, et al. Growth Differentiation Factor 15 and Diet Quality Trajectory In-teract to Determine Frailty Incidence among Middle-Aged Urban Adults. J Nutr. 2024;154(5):1652-1664.
[7] Patel S, Alvarez-Guaita A, Melvin A, et al. GDF15 Provides an Endocrine Signal of Nutritional Stress in Mice and Humans. Cell Metab. 2019;29(3):707-718.e8.
[8] Klein AB, Nicolaisen TS, Ørtenblad N, et al. Pharmacological but not physiological GDF15 suppresses feeding and the motivation to exercise. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):1041.
[9] Imbert A, Vialaneix N, Marquis J, et al. Network Analyses Reveal Negative Link Between Changes in Adipose Tissue GDF15 and BMI During Dietary-induced Weight Loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(1):e130-e142.
[10] Klein AB, Nicolaisen TS, Ørtenblad N, et al. Pharmacological but not physiological GDF15 suppresses feeding and the motivation to exercise. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):1041.
[11] Kleinert M, Clemmensen C, Sjøberg KA, et al. Exercise increases circulating GDF15 in humans. Mol Metab. 2018;9:187-191.
[12] Laurens C, Parmar A, Murphy E, et al. Growth and differentiation factor 15 is secreted by skeletal muscle during exercise and promotes lipolysis in humans. JCI Insight. 2020;5(6):e131870.
[13] Zhang H, Fealy CE, Kirwan JP. Exercise training promotes a GDF15-associated reduction in fat mass in older adults with obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2019;316(5):E829-E836.
[14] Welsh P, Kimenai DM, Marioni RE, et al. Reference ranges for GDF-15, and risk factors associated with GDF-15, in a large general population cohort. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2022;60(11):1820-1829.
[15] Klein AB, Nicolaisen TS, Johann K, et al. The GDF15-GFRAL pathway is dispensable for the effects of metformin on energy balance. Cell Rep. 2022;40(8):111258.
[16] Tanday N, Flatt PR, Irwin N. Metabolic responses and benefits of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor ligands. Br J Pharmacol. 2022;179(4):526-541.
[17] Mullican SE, Lin-Schmidt X, Chin CN, et al. GFRAL is the receptor for GDF15 and the ligand promotes weight loss in mice and nonhuman primates. Nat Med. 2017;23(10):1150-1157.
[18] Eddy AC, Trask AJ. Growth differentiation factor-15 and its role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2021;57:11-18.
[19] Qian X, He S, Shen X, et al. Circulating levels of GDF-15 for predicting cardiovascular and cancer morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes: Findings from Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Metab. 2022;48(6):101380.
[20] Niu Y, Zhang W, Shi J, et al. The Relationship Between Circulating Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Levels and Diabetic Reti-nopathy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:627395.
[21] Zhang H, Mulya A, Nieuwoudt S, et al. GDF15 Mediates the Effect of Skeletal Muscle Contraction on Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion. Diabetes. 2023;72(8):1070-1082.
[22] Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Alexiou A, et al. Metformin and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A hidden treasure. J Diabetes. 2022;14(12):806-814.
[23] Sarkar S, Legere S, Haidl I, et al. Serum GDF15, a Promising Biomarker in Obese Patients Undergoing Heart Surgery. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7:103.
[24] Wang D, Day EA, Townsend LK, Djordjevic D, Jørgensen SB, Steinberg GR. GDF15:emerging biology and therapeutic applications for obesity and cardiometabolic disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021;17(10):592-607.