Home Journals Books For Authors and Reviewers Online Submission News About Us Contact Us
Search
magazinelogo

International Journal of Food Science and Agriculture

ISSN Online: 2578-3475 Downloads: 233014 Total View: 3090480
Frequency: quarterly ISSN Print: 2578-3467 CODEN: IJFSJ3
Email: ijfsa@hillpublisher.com
Search articles within this journal Submit an article

Journal Menu

Volumes & Issues

Current Issue

Download PDF

How to cite this paper

13713

TOTAL VIEWS

9

More Articles

Article Open Access http://dx.doi.org/10.26855/jsfa.2018.03.004

Review of the Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Toxicological Properties of Punica granatum L., (Lythraceae) Plant

Anna Muriel Talavera Jacinto

College of Pharmacy / University of Perpetual Help System DALTA Las Piñas City Campus Alabang – Zapote Road, Pamplona 3, Las Piñas City, Metro Manila 1740, Philippines.

*Corresponding author: Anna Muriel Talavera Jacinto

Published: March 29,2018

Abstract

Pomegranate is considered as “wonder fruit” because of its various therapeutic effects. This paper aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the phytochemical, pharmaco-logical and toxicological properties. The research strategy includes review of the existing literature in the ISI Web of Knowledge (Thomson Reuters), textbooks and Pharmacopeias from year 1978 to 2016. Phytochemical screening shows that its fruit, juice, seeds, flowers, leaves, root, bark and fruit peel contains the following; gallic acid, ellagic acid, punicalin, punicalagin, caffeic acid, citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, shikimik acid, maleic acid, furamic acid ellagitannins, pelletierine alkaloids, piperidine alkaloid, isopelletierine, methyl-pelletierine, pseudopelletierine, glucoside, granatic acid, luteolin, kaempferol, quercitin, catechin, EGCG, rutin, flavones, flavonones, flavonoid,flavonols, steroids, lignins, fats & oils, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates,  anthocyanidins, anthocyanins melatonin, delfinidin 3-O-glucoside, punicacortein A, punicacortein B, pedunculagin, tellimagrandin, glucose, delphinidin, gallagyldilacton, tannins, simple sugars, aliphatic organic acids, quinic acid, amino acids, minerals, ascorbic acids, ursolic acid, triterpinoids, fatty acids, 3,3’-Di-O-methylellagic acid ; 3,3’,4’- Tri-O-methyellagic acid, punicic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, sterols, tocopherols, sex steroids and other coloring matter. Moreover, pharmacological properties includes antiatherosclerotic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiarrheal, antimutagenic, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antiviral, astringent, abortifacient, hemorrhoids, cancer-chemopreventive, improve fertility, neuronal activity, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and skin whitening activity. In toxicological assessment, ten patients with carotid artery stenosis demonstrated that juice consumption (121 mg/ LEA equivalents) for up to three years had no toxic effect on the blood chemistry analysis for kidney, liver and heart function. Human trials were also conducted using doses of pomegranate fruit extracts up to 1,420 mg/day (870mg gallic acid equivalents), for 28 days and did not report any adverse changes in blood or urine laboratory values. The methanolic extract of peel exhibited no significant toxicity (LC50 = 1.42 mg/ml) against Artemia salina (brine shrimp). For the whole fruit, animal studies have failed to report any toxicities at doses conventionally used in the conventional system of medicine. The overall finding of the review suggests that Punica granatum whole fruit is safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight oral administration and can be considered as non-toxic. Therefore, based on the review conducted it shows that Punica granatum is a promising herbal plant that can be developed into a suitable pharmaceutical dosage form.

References

[1] Aarabi, A., Barzegar, M. and Azizi, M.M. 2008. Effect of Cultivar and Cold Storage of Pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) Juices on Organic Acid Composition. ASEAN Food Journal. 15 (1): 45-55.

[2] Abd El Wahab SM, El Fiki NM, Mostafa SF. 1998. Characterization of certain steroid hormones in Punica granatum L. seeds. Bull Fac Pharm 36:11-15.

[3] Alam, M.S., Alam, M.A., Ahmad, S., Najmi, A.K., Asif, M., and Jahangir, T. 2010. Protective effects of Punica granatum in experimentally-induced gastric ulcers. Toxicol Mech Methods. 20:572-578.

[4] Altunkaya, A. 2014. Potential antioxidant activity of pomegranate peel and seed extracts and synergism with added phenolic antioxidants in a liposome system: a preliminary study. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research. 53:121-131.

[5] Amakura Y, Okada M, Tsuji S, Tonogai Y. 2000. Determination of phenolic acids in fruit juices by Isocratic column chromatography. J Chromatogr A 891: 183-188.

[6] Anibal, P.C., Peixoto, I.T.A., Foglio, M.A., and Hofling, J.F. 2013. Antifungal activity of the ethanolic extracts of Punica granatum L., and evaluation of the morphological and structural modifications of its compounds upon the cells of Candida spp. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology., 44(03).

[7] Artik N. 1998. Determination of phenolic compounds in pomengranate juice by using HPLC. 8:492-499.

[8] Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Gaitini D. 2004. Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure, and LDL oxidation. Clin Nutr 23: 423-433.

[9] Bae, JY, Choi, J.S., Kang SW, Lee, Y.J., Park, J., and Kang YH. 2010. Dietary compound ellagic acid alleviates skin wrinkle and inflammation induced by UV-B irradiation. Exp Dermatol 19:182-190.

[10] Bagri, P., Ali, M., Aeri, V., Sultana, S. and Bhowmik, M. 2010. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Punica granatum Linn. International Journal of Drug Development & Research., 2 (4):698-702.

[11] Balbir-Gurman, A., Fuhrman, B., Braun-Moscovici, Y., Markovits, D., and Aviram, M. 2011.

[12] Consumption of pomegranate decreases serum oxidative stress and reduces disease activity in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: A pilot study. Isr Med Assoc J.13:474-479.

[13] Banerjee, S., Kambhampati, S., Haque, I. and Banerjee SK. 2011. Pomegranate sensitizes Tamoxifen action in ER-α positive breast cancer cells. J Cell Commun Signal 5:317-324.

[14] Batt AK and Rangaswami S. 1973. Crystalline chemical components of some vegetable drugs. Phytochemistry 12:214.

[15] Bhadbhade, S.J., Acharya, A.B., Rodrigues, SV. And Thakur, S.L. 2011. The antiplaque efficacy of pomegranate mouthrinse. Quintessence Int 42:29-36.

[16] Bhandari, P. 2015. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) ancient seeds for modern cure? Review of potential therapeutic applications. International Journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurologic Diseases. 2(03):171-184.

[17] Bhowmik, D., Gopinath, H., Kumar, B.P., Duraviel, S., Aravind G., and Sampath Kumar, K.P. 2013. Medicinal uses of Punica granatum and its health benefits. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 1(05): 28 – 35.

[18] Bouroshaki, M.T., Sadeghnia, H.R., Banihasan, M., and Yavari, S. 2010. Protective effect of pomegranate seed oil on hexachlorobutadiene-induced nephrotoxicity in rat kidneys. Ren Fail. 32:612-617.

[19] Cambay, Z., Baydas, G., Tuzcu, M. and Bal, R. 2011. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.,) flower Improves learning and memory performances impaired by diabetes mellitus in rats. Acta Physiol Hung. 98:409-420.

[20] Cayir, K., Karadeniz, A., Simsek, N., Yildirim, S., Karakus, E., and Kara, A. 2011. Pomegranate seed e xtract attenuates chemotherapy-induced acute nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats. J Med Food 14:1254-1262.

[21] Cerda B, Ceron JJ, Tomas-Barberan FA, Espin JC. 2003. Repeated oral administration of high doses of the pomegranate ellagitannin punicalagin to rats for 37 days is not toxic. J Agric Food Chem 51:3493-3501.

[22] Chaitra, R.H., Madhuri, M., Swaroop, T., Arijit, D., Sourav, B., and Rohit, K.C. 2012. Evaluation of antimicrobial properties, phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacity of leaf extracts of Punica granatum L. Journal of Biological Sciences 1:32 - 37.

[23] Cui, S.M., Sasada, Y., Sato, H., and Nii, N. 2004. Cell structure and sugar and acid contents in the arils of developing pomegranate fruit. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science. (73) 15: 241 – 243.

[24] Dahlawi, H., Jordan-Mahy N., Clench, M.R., and Le Maitre C.L. 2012. Bioactive action of pomegranate fruit extracts on leukemia cell lines in vitro hold promise for new therapeutic agents for leukemia. Nutr Cancer 64:100-110.

[25] Davidson, M.H., Maki, K.C., Dicklin, M.R., Feinstein, S.B., Witchger, M., and Bell, M. 2009. Effects of consumption of pomegranate juice on carotid intimamedia thickness in men and women at moderate risk for coronary disease. Am J Cardiol. 104:936-942.

[26] Dawson-Saunders, Beth and Trapp, Robert G. 1990. Basic and Clinical Biostatistics. New Jersey: Appleton & Lange.

[27] de Nigris, F., Williams-Ignarro, S., Botti, C., Sica V., Ignarro, L.J. and Napoli, C. 2006. Pomegranate juice reduces oxidized low-density lipoprotein downregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in human coronary endothelial cells. Nitric Oxide. 15:259-263.

[29] de Pascual-Teresa S, Santos – Buelga C, Rivas-Gonzalo JC. 2000. Quantitative analysis of flavan-3-ols in Spanish foodstuffs and beverages. J Agric Food Chem 48:5331-5337.

[30] De Souza Vasconcelos, L.C., Sampaio, F.C, Sampaio, M.C.C., Pereira ,M.S.V., Higino, J.S. and Peixoto, M.H.P. 2006. Minimum inhibitory concentration of adherence of Punica granatum L., (pomegranate) gel against S. mutans, S. mitis and C. albicans. Brazilian Dental Journal. (17) 3.

[31] Drug Facts and Comparisons. Copyright 2005. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. 111 West Port Plaza Drive, Suite 300 St. Louis, Missouri.

[32] Du CT, Wang PL, Francis FJ. 1975. Anthocyanins of pomegranate, Punica granatum.J Food Sci. 40:417- 418.

[33] El-Sherbini, G.M., Ibrahim, K.M., El Sherbiny, E.T., Abdel-Hady, N.M. and Morsy, T.A. 2010. Efficacy of Punica granatum extract on in-vitro and in-vivo control of Trichomonas vaginalis. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 40:229-244.

[34] Endo, E.H., Cortez, D.A., Ueda-Nakamura, T., Nakamura, C.V. and Dias, Filho, B.P. 2010.Potent antifungal activity of extracts and pure compound isolated from pomegranate peels and synergism with fluconazole against Candida albicans. Res Microbiol. 161:534-540.

[35] Esmaillzadeh, A., Tahbaz, F., Gaieni, I., Alavi-Majd, H., and Azadbakht, L.2006. Cholesterol-lowering effect of concentrated pomegranate juice consumption in type II diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 76:147-151.

[36] Forest, C.P., Padma-Nathan, H. and Liker, H.R. 2007. Efficacy and safety of pomegranate juice on improvement of erectile dysfunction: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study. Int J Impot Res 19:564-567.

[37] Foss, S.R., Nakamura, C.V., Nakamura, T.U., Cortez, D.AG., Endo, E.H. and Dias Filho, B.P. 2014. Antifungal activity of pomegranate peel extract and isolated compound punicalagin against dermatophytes. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials., 13:32.

[38] Gil, MI., Tomas-Barberan, F.A., Hess-Pierce, B., Holcroft, D.M. and Kader, A.A. 2000. Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing. J Agric Food Chem (48) 10: 4581-4589.

[39] Grossmann, M.E., Mizuno, N.K., Schuster T., and Cleary M.P. 2010. Punicic acid is an omega-5 fatty acid capable of inhibiting breast cancer proliferation. Int J Oncol. 36:421-426.

[40] Guevara, B.Q. 2005. A guidebook to plant screening: phytochemical and biological. UST Publishing House, Espana Manila.

[41] Haidari, M., Ali, M., Casscells, S.W. and Madjid, M. 2009. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) purified polyphenol extract inhibits influenza virus and has a synergistic effect with oseltamivir. Phytomed 16:1127-1136.

[42] Hajimahmoodi, M., Shams-Ardakani, M., Saniee, P., Siavoshi, F., Mehrabani, M. and Hosseinzade, H. 2011. In vitro antibacterial activity of some Iranian medicinal plant extracts against Helicobacter pylori. Nat Prod Res 25:1059-1066.

[43] Haque, N., Sofi, G., Ali, W., Rashid, M. and Malikitrat. 2015. A comprehensive review of phytochemical and pharmacological profile of anar (Punica granatum Linn): a heaven’s fruit. 1(01):22-26.

[44] Herber, D, Seeram NP., and Wyatt H. 2007. Safety and antioxidant activity of a pomegranate ellagitannin enriched pol yphenol dietary supplement in overweight individuals with increased waist size. J Agric Food Chem 55:10050-10054.

[45] Hornung, E., Pernstich, C., and Feussner, I. 2002. Formation of conjugated Δ11 Δ13- double bonds by Δ12-linoleic acid (1,4)-acyl-lipid-desaturase in pomegranate seeds. European Journal of Biochemistry (269) 19: 4852 - 4859.

[46] Huang TH, Yang Q, and Harada M. 2005. Pomegranate flower extract diminishes cardiac fibrosis in Zucker diabetic fatty rats: modulation of cardiac endothelin-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB pathways. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 46:856-862.

[47] Huang, T.H., Peng, G., Kota, B.P., Li, G.Q., Yamahara, J. and Roufogalis, B.D. 2006. Anti-diabetic action of Punica granatum flower extract: Activation of PPAR-gamma and identification of an active component. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 207:160-169.

[48] Ibrahim, O.M.S. and Shwaysh, M.M. 2016. Evaluation of Punica granatum peels extracts and its phenolic, alkaloid and terpenoid constituents against chemically induced diarrhea in rats. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences. (4)3:161-168.

[49] Jacinto, A.M.T. and Osi, M. 2014. Comparative Antibacterial property of the matured trunk and stem bark extract of Tamarindus indica., preformulation, development and quality control of cream. Malaysian Journal of Pharmacy. 1(11):193.

[50] Jahromi, S. B., Pourshafie, M.R., Mirabzadeh, E., Tavasoli, A., Katiraee, F., Mostafavi, E. and Abbasian, S. 2015. Punica granatum peel extract toxicity in mice. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products. 10 (4): e23770.

[51] Jurenka, J. 2008. Therapeutic applications of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.): a review. Alternative Medicine Review. 13(02):128-144.

[52] Kasimsetty, SG., Bialonska, D., Reddy, M.K., Ma, G., Khan, S.I. and Ferreira, D. 2010. Colon cancer chemopreventive activities of pomegranate ellagitannins and urolithins. J Agric Food Chem. 58:2180-2187.

[53] Kaur, G., Jabbar, Z., Athar, M., and Alam, M.S. 2006. Punica granatum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses potent antioxidant activity and abrogates Fe-NTA induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 44:984-993.

[54] Khan, J.A. and Hanee, S. 2011. Antibacterial properties of Punica granatum peels. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology. 2(03):23-27.

[55] Lai, S., Zhou, Q., Zhang, Y., Shang, J. and Yu, T. 2009. Effects of pomegranate tannins on experimental gastric damages. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 34:1290-1294.

[56] Lansky EP, Newman RA. 2007. Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential for prevention and treatment of inflammation and cancer. J Ethnopharmacol 109: 177-206.

[57] Machado, T.B., Leal, I.C.R., Amaral, A.C.F., dos Santos K.R.N., da Silva, M.G. and Kuster R.M. 2002. Antimicrobial ellagitannin of Punica granatum fruits. Journal of Brazil Chemical Society. 13 (05):060-610.

[58] Mali, A.B., Khedkar, K. and Lele, S.S. 2011. Effect of gamma irradiation on total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peels. Food and Nutrition Sciences.2, 428-433.

[59] Malik, A., Afaq, F., Sarfaraz, S., Adhami, V.M., Syed, D.N., and Mukhtar H. 2005. Pomegranate fruit juice for chemoprevention and and chemotherapy of prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 102: 14813-14818.

[60] Mehru, N., Rathinami, X., Subramaniam, S., Aiyalu, R., Sreenivasan, S., and Lachimanan, Y. L. 2008. Antimicrobial activity and toxicity of Punica granatum L., peel. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences. 2 (3): 57.

[61] Menezes, S.M., Cordeiro, L.N., and Viana, G.S. 2006. Punica granatum (pomegranate) extract is active against dental plaque. J Herb Pharmacother 6:79-92.

[62] Miguel, M.G., Neves, M.A., and Antunes, M.D. 2010. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.):a medicinal plant with myriad biological properties – a short review.Journal of Medicnal Plants Research. 4(25):2836-2847.

[63] Mirmiran, P., Fazeli, M.R., Asghari, G., Shafiee, A. and Azizi, F. 2010. Effect of pomegranate seed oil on hyperlipidaemic subjects: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Br J Nutr 104:402-406.

[64] Moghaddam, G., Sharifzadeh, M., Hassanzadeh, G., Khanavi, M., and Hajimahmoodi, M. 2013. Anti-ulcerogenic activity of pomegranate peel (Punica granatum) methanol extract. Food and Nutrition Sciences 4:43-48.

[65] Nawwar MA, Hussein SA, Merfort I. 1994. NMR spectral analysis of polyphenols from Punica granatum Phytochemistry. 36: 793 – 798.

[66] Neuhofer H, Witte L., and Gorunovic M. 1993. Alkaloids in the bark of Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) from Yugoslavia. Pharmazie 48: 389 – 391.

[67] Neurath, A.R., Strick, N., Li, Y.Y., and Debnath, A.K. 2005. Punica granatum (pomegranate) juice provides an HIV-1 entry inhibitor and candidate topical microbicide. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1056:311-327.

[68] Noda Y, Kaneyuki T., Mori A. and Packer L. 2002. Antioxidant activities of pomegranate fruit extract and its anthocyanidins: dephinidin, cyaniding, and pelargonidin. J Agric Food Chem 50:166-171.

[69] Pacheco-Palencia, L.A., Noratto, G., Hingorani, L., Talcott, S.T. and Mertens-Talcott, S.U. 2008. Protective effects of standardized pomegranate (Punica granatum L.,) polyphenolic extract in ultraviolet-irradiated human skin fibroblasts. J Agric Food Chem 56:8434-8441.

[70] Philippine Pharmacopeia 1 [PPI] (2004), Bureau of Food and Drugs, Department of Health and Japan International Cooperation Agency. Manila: Himiko Arts and Concepts.Philippine Pharmacopeia 1 [PPI] (2004), Bureau of Food and Drugs, Department of Health and Japan International Cooperation Agency. Manila: Himiko Arts and Concepts.

[71] Poyrazoglu, E., Gokmen, V. and Artik, N. 2002. Organic acids and phenolic compounds in pomegranates (Punica granatum L.) grown in Turkey. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. (15) 5:567-575.

[72] Quisumbing, E. 1978. Medicinal plants of the Philippines. Katha Publishing Co., Inc Quezon City, Philippines.

[73] Rajan, S., Mahalakshmi, S., Deepa, V.M., Sathya, K., Shajitha, S. and Thirunalasundari, T. 2011. Antioxidant potentials of Punica granatum fruit rind extracts. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 3(03):82-88.

[74] Rosenblat, M., Hayek, T. and Aviram, M. 2006. Anti-oxidative effects of pomegranate juice (PJ)consumption by diabetic patients on serum and on macrophages. Atherosclerosis 187: 363-371.

[75] Rummun, N., Somanah, J., Ramsaha, S., Bahorun, T. and Neergheen-Bhujun, V.S.2013. Bioactivity of nonedible parts of punica granatum L.: a potential source of functional ingredients Sadeghipor, A., Eidi, M., Kavgani, A.I., Ghahramani, R., Shahabzadeh, S. and Anissian, A. 2014. Lipid lowering effect of Punica granatum L., peel in high lipid diet fed male rats. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 432650, 1-5.

[76] Sadeghipor, A., Eidi, M., Kavgani, A.I., Ghahramani, R., Shahabzadeh, S. and Anissian, A. 2014. Lipid lowering effect of Punica granatum L., peel in high lipid diet fed male rats. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 432650, 1-5.

[77] Sastravaha, G., Gassmann, G., Sangtherapitikul, P., and Grimm, W.D. 2005. Adjunctive periodontal treatment with Centella asiatica and Punica granatum extract in supportive periodontal therapy. J Int Acad Periodontol 7:70-79.

[78] Satheesh Kumar Bhandary, B., Sharmila, K.P., Suchetha Kumari, N. and Vadisha Bhat, S.2013. Acute and subacute toxicity study of the ethanolic extracts of Punica granatum L., whole fruit and seeds and synthetic ellagic acid in swiss albino mice. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. (6)4:192-198.

[79] Schubert SY, Lansky EP, Neeman I. 1999. Antioxidant and eicosanoid enzyme inhibition properties of pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice flavonoids. J Ethnopharmacol 66:11-17.

[80] Stowe, C.B. 2011. The effects of pomegranate juice consumption on blood pressure and cardiovascular health. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 17:113-115.

[81] Sumner, M.D., Elliott-Eller, M., Weidner, G., Daubenmier, J.J., Chew, M.H., and Marlin, R. 2005.Effects of pomegranate juice consumption on myocardial perfusion in patients with coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 96:810-814.

[82] Tanaka T., Nonaka G., and Nishioka I. 1986. Tannins and related compounds. XL.: Revision of the structures of punicalin and punicalagin, and isolation and characterization of 2-O-galloylpunicalin from the bark of Punica granatum L. Chem Pharm Bull 34:650 - 655.

[83] Tripathi, S.M. and Singh, D.K. 2000. Molluscicidal activity of Punica granatum bark and Canna indica root. Braz J Med Biol Res, Vol. 33(11) 1351-1355.

[84] Turk, G., Sonmez, M., Aydin, M., Yuce, A., Gur, S., and Yuksel, M. 2008. Effects of pomegranate juice consumption on sperm quality, spermatogenic cell density, antioxidant activity and testosterone level in male rats. Clin Nutr 27:289-296.

[85] United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (2003) .United States Pharmacopeia 26 /National Formulary 21. MD, USA.

[86] Vidal A, Fallarero A, Pena BR. 2003. Studies on the toxicity of Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) whole fruit extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 89:295-300.

[87] van Elswijk, D.A., Schobel, U.P., Lansky, E.P., Irth, H. and van der Greef, J. 2004. Rapid dereplication of estrogenic compounds in pomegranate (Punica granatum) using on-line biochemical detection coupled to mass spectrometry. Phytochemistry. (65) 2: 233 - 241.

[88] Vasconcelos, L.C.S., Sampaio, F.C., Sampaio, M.C.C., Pereira, M.S.V., Higino, J.S. and Peixoto, M.H.P. 2006. Minimum inhibitory concentration of adherence of Punica granatum Linn (pomegranate) gel against S. mutants, S. mitis and C. albicans. Brazilian Dental Journal. 17(03).

[89] Waheed S, Siddique N, Rahman A. 2004. INAA for dietary assessment of essential and other trace elements in 14 fruits harvested and consumed in Pakistan. J Radioanalytical Nucl Chem 260:523-531.

[90] Wang, R.F., Xie, W.D., and Zhang, Z. 2004. Bioactive compounds from the seeds of Punica granatum (pomegranate). Journal of Natural Products (67) 12: 2096 - 2098.

[91] WHO 2014: Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance. Publications of the World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.

[92] Xu, K.Z., Zhu, C., Kim, M.S., Yamahara, J., and Li, Y. 2009. Pomegranate flower ameliorates fatty liver in an animal model of type 2 diabetes and obesity. J Ethnopharmacol. 123:280-287.

[93] Yoshimura, M., Watanabe, Y., Kasai, K., Yamakoshi, J. and Koga, T. 2005. Inhibitory effect of an ellagic acid-rich pomegranate extract on tyrosinase activity and ultraviolet-induced pigmentation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 69:2368-2373.

[94] Zahin, M., Aqil, F. and Ahmad, I. (2010) Broad spectrum antimutagenic activity of antioxidant active fraction of Punica granatum L. peel extracts. Mutat Res. 703:99-107.

How to cite this paper

Review of the Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Toxicological Properties of Punica granatum L., (Lythraceae) Plant

How to cite this paper: Anna Muriel Talavera Jacinto. (2018). Review of the Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Toxicological Properties of Punica granatum L., (Lythraceae) Plant. International Journal of Food Science and Agriculture, 2(3), 71-83.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26855/jsfa.2018.03.004

Home　|　Journals　|　Books　|　For Authors and Reviewers　|　Online Submission　|　Contact Us　|　About Us

Copyright © 2023 Hill Publishing Group Inc. All Rights Reserved.