magazinelogo

Engineering Advances

ISSN Online: 2768-7961 CODEN: EANDDL
Frequency: quarterly Email: ea@hillpublisher.com
Total View: 1199025 Downloads: 263286 Citations: 153 (From Dimensions)
ArticleOpen Access http://dx.doi.org/10.26855/ea.2022.06.005

Perforation Limit of Steel-Concrete-Steel Barriers Resisting Impact

Mohamed Abdel-Kader

Giza Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Giza, Egypt.

*Corresponding author: Mohamed Abdel-Kader

Published: March 07, 2022

Abstract

Introducing a numerical modelling and formulae to predict ballistic limit (perforation velocity or perforation limit) of concrete barriers strengthened with steel plates and subjected to rigid projectile impact was the aim of this study. A formula to predict the perforation limit of front steel-concrete (S-C) target is proposed. A formula to predict the perforation limit of steel-concrete-steel (S-C-S) target is also proposed which reflects the significant effect of the rear steel liner. The results, being in good agreement with the experiment, have showed that the interaction between the concrete panel and the front steel liner (even with full bond assumption) has little effect on the perforation limit of the S-C target. In design of protective structures and regarding the percentage increase in perforation limit over reinforcement ratio of steel plates, the concrete-rear steel (C-S) target gives better result from the economic perspective than the S-C-S target. It is recommended to modify the power of compressive strength of concrete fc in the CEA-EDF perforation formula for concrete to avoid over-prediction of perforation limit when using high strength concrete. This modification may extend to other perforation formulae for concrete.

Keyword

Concrete, Steel, Impact, Perforation Limit, Numerical Simulation

References

[1] Hanchak, S. J., Forrestal, M. J., Young, E. R., Ehrgott, J. Q. (1992). Perforation of concrete slabs with 48 MPa (7 ksi) and 140 MPa (20 ksi) unconfined compressive strengths. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 1992, 12: 1-7.

[2] Dancygier, A. N., Yankelevsky, D. Z., Jaegermann, C. (2007). Response of high performance concrete plates to impact of non-deforming projectiles. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2007, 34: 1768-79.

[3] Wang, S., Le, H. T. N., Poh, L. H., Feng, H., Zhang, M.-H. (2016). Resistance of high-performance fiber-reinforced cement composites against high-velocity projectile impact. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2016, 95: 89-104.

[4] Abdel-Kader, M., Fouda, A. (2014). Effect of reinforcement on the response of concrete panels to impact of hard projectiles. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2014, 63: 1-17.

[5] Dancygier, A. N. (1997). Effect of reinforcement ratio on the resistance of reinforced concrete to hard projectile impact. Nuclear engineering and Design, 1997, 172: 233-45.

[6] Dancygier, A. N., Yankelevsky, D. Z. (1999). Effects of reinforced concrete properties on resistance to hard projectile impact. Structural Journal, 1999, 96: 259-67.

[7] Rajput, A., Iqbal, M. (2017). Ballistic performance of plain, reinforced and pre-stressed concrete slabs under normal impact by an ogival-nosed projectile. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2017, 110: 57-71.

[8] Remennikov, A. M., Kong, S. Y. (2012). Numerical simulation and validation of impact response of axially-restrained steel–concrete–steel sandwich panels. Composite Structures, 2012, 94: 3546-55.

[9] Wu, H., Fang, Q., Gong, Z., Peng, Y. (2015). Hard projectile impact on layered SFRHSC composite target. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2015, 84: 88-95.

[10] Wu, H., Fang, Q., Peng, Y., Gong, Z., Kong, X. (2015). Hard projectile perforation on the monolithic and segmented RC panels with a rear steel liner. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2015, 76: 232-50.

[11] Barr, P. (1990). Guidelines for the design and assessment of concrete structures subjected to impact SRD R 439. 1990.

[12] Gupta, N., Madhu, V. (1997). An experimental study of normal and oblique impact of hard-core projectile on single and layered plates. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 1997, 19: 395-414.

[13] Shirai, T., Kambayashi, A., Ohno, T., Taniguchi, H., Ueda, M., Ishikawa, N. (1997). Experiment and numerical simulation of double-layered RC plates under impact loadings1. Nuclear engineering and Design, 1997, 176: 195-205.

[14] Kojima, I. (1991). An experimental study on local behavior of reinforced concrete slabs to missile impact. Nuclear engineering and Design, 1991, 130: 121-32.

[15] Abdel-Kader, M., Fouda, A. (2017). Improving the impact resistance of concrete panels by glass fiber reinforced polymer sheets. International Journal of Protective Structures, 2017, 8: 304-20.

[16] Barr, P., Carter, P., Howe, W., Neilson, A., Richards, A. (1983). Experimental studies of the impact resistance of steel faced concrete composites. Transactions of the 7 international conference on structural mechanics in reactor technology, Vol J1983, pp. 395-402.

[17] Tsubota, H., Kasai, Y., Koshika, N., Morikawa, H., Uchida, T., Ohno, T., et al. (1993). Quantitative Studies on Impact Resistance of a Reinforced Concrete Panels with a Steel Liners Under Impact Loading-Part 1: Scaled Model Impact Test. 1993.

[18] Hashimoto, J., Takiguchi, K., Nishimura, K., Matsuzawa, K., Tsutsui, M., Ohashi, Y., et al. Experimental study on behavior of RC panels covered with steel plates subjected to missile impact. Proceedings of 18th international conference on structural mechanics in reactor technology 2005.

[19] Abdel-Kader, M., Fouda, A. (2019). Improving the resistance of concrete panels to hard projectile impact. International Journal of Protective Structures, 2019, 10: 510-38.

[20] Kennedy, R. (1976). A review of procedures for the analysis and design of concrete structures to resist missile impact effects. Nuclear engineering and Design, 1976, 37: 183-203.

[21] Li, Q., Reid, S., Wen, H., Telford, A. (2005). Local impact effects of hard missiles on concrete targets. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2005, 32: 224-84.

[22] Walter, T. A., Wolde-Tinsae, A. M. (1984). Turbine missile perforation of reinforced concrete. Journal of Structural Engineering, 1984, 110: 2439-55.

[23] Grisaro, H., Dancygier, A. N. (2014). Assessment of the perforation limit of a composite RC barrier with a rear steel liner to impact of a non-deforming projectile. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2014, 64: 122-36.

[24] Ben-Dor, G., Dubinsky, A., Elperin, T. (2013). Empirical models for predicting protective properties of concrete shields against high-speed impact. Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, 2013, 8: 199-232.

[25] Bruhl, J., Varma, A., Johnson, W. (2015). Missile impact behavior and design of composite SC walls. International Journal of Impact Engineering, Elsevier Science, 2015, 75: 75-87.

[26] Abdel-Kader, M., Fouda, A. (2017). Equivalent concrete thickness for perforation of mild steel plates. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2017, 135: 213-29.

[27] Rosen, S. (1960). Hazards Summary Report for the Army Package Power Reactor SM-1, Task XVII. Alco Products, Inc., Schenectady, NY; 1960.

[28] Chelapati, C., Kennedy, R., Wall, I. (1972). Probabilistic assessment of aircraft hazard for nuclear power plants. Nuclear engineering and Design, 1972, 19: 333-64.

[29] ACE. Fundamentals of protective structures. Fundamentals of protective structures Report AT120 AT1207821, Army Corps of Engineers, Office of the Chief of Engineers, 1946.

[30] Berriaud, C., Sokolovsky, A., Gueraud, R., Dulac, J., Labrot, R. (1978). Comportement local des enceintes en beton sous l'impact d'un projectile rigide: Local behaviour of reinforced concrete walls under missile impact. Nuclear engineering and Design, 1978, 45: 457-69.

[31] Riedel, W. (2009). 10 years RHT: a review of concrete modelling and hydrocode applications. Predictive modeling of dynamic processes: Springer; 2009. Pp. 143-65.

[32] Riedel, W., Thoma, K., Hiermaier, S., Schmolinske, E. (1999). Penetration of reinforced concrete by BETA-B-500 numerical analysis using a new macroscopic concrete model for hydrocodes. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on the Effects of Munitions with Structures: Berlin-Strausberg Germany; 1999. Pp. 315-22.

[33] Taylor, L. M., Chen, E.-P., Kuszmaul, J. S. (1986). Microcrack-induced damage accumulation in brittle rock under dynamic loading. Computer methods in applied mechanics and engineering, 1986, 55: 301-20.

[34] Holmquist, T., Johnson, G., Cook, W. (1993). A Computational Constitutive Model for Concrete Subjected to Large Strains, High Strain Rates and High Pressures. Warhead mechanisms, terminal ballistics, 1993, 2: 591-600.

[35] Malvar, L. J., Crawford, J. E., Wesevich, J. W., Simons, D. (1997). A plasticity concrete material model for DYNA3D. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 1997, 19: 847-73.

[36] Tu, Z., Lu, Y. (2009). Evaluation of typical concrete material models used in hydrocodes for high dynamic response simulations. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2009, 36: 132-46.

[37] Tu, Z., Lu, Y. (2010). Modifications of RHT material model for improved numerical simulation of dynamic response of concrete. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2010, 37: 1072-82.

[38] Leppänen, J. (2006). Concrete subjected to projectile and fragment impacts: Modelling of crack softening and strain rate dependency in tension. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2006, 32: 1828-41.

[39] Abdel-Kader, M. (2019). Modified settings of concrete parameters in RHT model for predicting the response of concrete panels to impact. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2019, 132: 103312.

[40] Abdel-Kader, M. (2018). Numerical predictions of the behaviour of plain concrete targets subjected to impact. International Journal of Protective Structures, 2018: 2041419618759109.

[41] ANSYS AUTODYN User Manual. v11.0 (2007). Century Dynamics Inc.

[42] Gupta, N., Iqbal, M., Sekhon, G. (2006). Experimental and numerical studies on the behavior of thin aluminum plates subjected to impact by blunt-and hemispherical-nosed projectiles. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2006, 32: 1921-44.

[43] Abdel-Kader, M., Fouda, A. (2014). Mild steel plates impacted by hard projectiles. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2014, 99: 57-71.

[44] Johnson, G., Gordon, W. (1983). A constitutive model and data for metals subjected to large strains, high strain rates and high temperatures. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ballistics, The Hague, Netherlands, 19-21 April 1983, 541-547.

[45] Dean, J., Dunleavy, C., Brown, P., Clyne, T. (2009). Energy absorption during projectile perforation of thin steel plates and the kinetic energy of ejected fragments. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2009, 36: 1250-8.

[46] Johnson, G. R., Cook, W. H. (1985). Fracture characteristics of three metals subjected to various strains, strain rates, temperatures and pressures. Engineering fracture mechanics. 1985, 21: 31-48.

[47] Iqbal, M., Senthil, K., Bhargava, P., Gupta, N. (2015). The characterization and ballistic evaluation of mild steel. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2015, 78: 98-113.

[48] Yadav, S., Singhal, S., Jasra, Y., Saxena, R. K. (2020). Determination of Johnson-Cook material model for weldment of mild steel. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020; 28: 1801-8.

[49] O’Toole, B., Trabia, M., Hixson, R., Roy, S. K., Pena, M., Becker, S. (2015). Modeling plastic deformation of steel plates in hypervelocity impact experiments. Procedia Engineering, 2015, 103: 458-65.

[50] Seidt, J., Gilat, A., Klein, J., Leach, J. (2007). High strain rate, high temperature constitutive and failure models for EOD impact scenarios. Proceedings of the SEM Annual Conference & Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics: Society for Experimental Mechanics; 2007.

[51] Dehgolan, F. R., Behzadi, M., Sola, J. F. (2016). Obtaining constants of Johnson-Cook material model using a combined experimental, numerical simulation and optimization method. Int J Mech Mechatronics Eng., 2016; 10.

[52] Børvik, T., Hopperstad, O., Berstad, T., Langseth, M. (2001). A computational model of viscoplasticity and ductile damage for impact and penetration. European Journal of Mechanics-A/Solids, 2001; 20: 685-712.

[53] Børvik, T., Hopperstad, O., Berstad, T., Langseth, M. (2001). Numerical simulation of plugging failure in ballistic penetration. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2001, 38: 6241-64.

[54] Riedel, W., Kawai, N., Kondo, K.-I. (2009). Numerical assessment for impact strength measurements in concrete materials. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2009; 36: 283-93.

[55] Corbett, G. G., Reid, S. R., Johnson, W. (1996). Impact loading of plates and shells by free-flying projectiles: a review. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 1996; 18: 141-230.

[56] Ning, J., Meng, F., Ma, T., Xu, X. (2020). Failure analysis of reinforced concrete slab under impact loading using a novel numerical method. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2020; 144: 103647.

[57] Xu, X., Ma, T., Ning, J. (2019). Failure mechanism of reinforced concrete subjected to projectile impact loading. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2019; 96: 468-83.

[58] Gwaltney, R. C. (1968). Missile Generation and Protection in Light-Water-Cooled Power Reactor Plants. Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn.; 1968.

[59] Bangash, M. (1989). Concrete and concrete structures: Numerical modelling and applications. 1989.

[60] Chang, W. S. (1981). Impact of solid missiles on concrete barriers. Journal of the structural division, 1981; 107: 257-71.

[61] Chen, X., Li, Q. (2003). Shear plugging and perforation of ductile circular plates struck by a blunt projectile. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2003; 28: 513-36.

Copyright

© 2022 by the author(s).
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) license, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not modified or adapted.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

How to cite this paper

Perforation Limit of Steel-Concrete-Steel Barriers Resisting Impact

How to cite this paper: Mohamed Abdel-Kader. (2022). Perforation Limit of Steel-Concrete-Steel Barriers Resisting ImpactEngineering Advances2(1), 51-70.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26855/ea.2022.06.005